Hydrogen Peroxide in the Presence of Yeast Essay

A number of different variables, such as the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide solution or the temperature at which the reaction occurs, can affect the rate at which yeast breaks down hydrogen peroxide. To prove this we first tested the solution with 3% concentration of peroxide, the paper that was soaked in yeast rose in 1.7 seconds. After that we changed our concentration to 2.25%, 1.5%, and .75% of hydrogen peroxide to see the effects it had on the amount of time it took the felt to completely drop and rise. On 2.25% it took 2.8 seconds, 1.5% took 3.2 seconds, and .75% took 3.9 seconds. Introduction When yeast and hydrogen peroxide react, the peroxide decomposes into water and oxygen gas causing bubbles to form. These bubbles cause the felt to rise. Problem In this experiment we measured how long it took for the piece of felt soaked in a yeast solution to sink and rise in the test tube. The amount of time it takes for the felt to sink and rise indicates how oxygen bubbles are formed, as hydrogen peroxide is broken down. Hypothesis The amount of hydrogen peroxide directly influences the amount of time it takes to break down the yeast resulting in â€Å"tiny bubbles†, and the felt to rise to the top of the test tube. Procedure Supplies: ââ€" ª Hydrogen Peroxide ââ€" ª Yeast suspension ââ€" ª 4 felt disks ââ€" ª 5 test tubes ââ€" ª Clock ââ€" ª Forceps ââ€" ª 5 paper cups ââ€" ª Graduated cylinder Results See Graph on Lab Sheet Analysis and Conclusion- For this experiment our dependent variable was the paper with yeast on it, and our independent variable was the concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide we put in each solution. We tested the amount of time it took for the peroxide to break down yeast at 3%, 2.25%, 1.5%, .75% and 0% concentration. The fastest reaction time was 1.7 at 3% concentration. We found out that with no Hydrogen Peroxide the yeast does not float back to the top. So the lower concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide the longer it took to float back to the top.

Scarce resource article

Nursing Shortage:   An Issue of Scarce ResourceThe present nursing shortage is a serious issue which poses a real threat to the future of the healthcare system especially on patients.   Research published last year by ANA predicts that the US will have a shortage of 1 million nurses by 2020 (http://bhpr.hrsa.gov/healthworkforce  /reports/behindrnprojections/4.htm), a bottleneck at US nursing schools caused more than 42 000 qualified applicants to be turned away in 2006-2007 (p.1623).Nursing experts attributed this shortage to five influencing factors.   First, it is mainly due to the simultaneous graying of the nurse workforce or the age or retirement of older nurses. Second, many are leaving the profession due to overworked and some even migrated to other countries in search for high paying ones.   Third, the number (especially the younger generations) entering the nursing profession continues to decline as they see the lack of stability and thus tend to choose other caree rs (American Nurses Association, 2003).Fourth, US nursing schools face a growing faculty shortage, schools lack the physical facilities, too few clinical training placements, and limited fund; all of these have not been able to keep pace with the demand. Fifth, while it is easy to blame the government for this shortage due to lack of funding for nursing programs, however, equally important is career burn out.   It can’t be denied that nursing is one among the many jobs that has a stressful work environment.   So, the job itself is responsible for this shortage.Further, CareerJournal.com has surveyed several students who mentioned that the best careers do not include nursing.   Some of the respondents mentioned that the lack of funding and facilities to train new nurses, poor working conditions in hospitals and poor salary scale make the nursing profession not a compensatory career.What makes this issue even worse is that research studies have found the shortage is alrea dy having a proven, adverse effect on the ability to deliver quality healthcare in the US.   One important negative effect on patient healthcare is the increased risk of patient deaths as simply there are not enough nurses to safely care for patients.   Another is the increased medical errors arising from many complications because of this shortage.   All of this equates to the inadequacy to meet the future health care needs of Americans.Because of all these, patient’s safety is threatened and health care quality is deteriorating.   This is because nurses are greatly responsible for the majority of patient care, as they perform the vital functions in a patient’s confinement in the hospital and thus providing more face to face services than doctors. But we need to ensure that there are enough registered nurses to meet future demands. What makes this issue even worse is that research studies have found the shortage is already having a proven, adverse effect on th e ability to deliver quality healthcare in the US.One important negative effect on patient healthcare is the increased risk of patient deaths as simply there are not enough nurses to safely care for patients.   Another is the increased medical errors arising from many complications because of this shortage.   All of this equates to the inadequacy to meet the future health care needs of Americans.To address this shortage, solutions must be developed in several areas, such as in education, healthcare deliver systems, policy and regulations, and image. This shortage is not solely nursings` issue and requires a collaborative effort among nursing leaders in practice and education, health care executives, government, and the media. Thus, the American government, nursing agencies, and other concerned groups have taken some steps to alleviate the nursing shortage such as to increase the number of admissions to theAmerican nursing education and improving working environment to retain nur ses.   On the other hand, they are pushing for budget changes which they hope to address the lack of funding issue of the nursing program.   Research has shown that quality of workplace environment and job satisfaction is correlated, which impacts on quality of care and patient outcomes.   ANA (2003) urge governments to act swiftly to develop a national health human resource strategy.But there are many barriers to the resolutions as addressing the shortage is really a difficult task.   For one, the government itself lack a substantive commitment to the health of Americans and that these barriers has increased due to the different views between policy making and health human resource planning.   But if this issue has to be resolved, all concerned groups; nurses, hospitals, clinics, and the government should work hand in hand.   Many concerned groups believed that an integrated health human resource strategy that includes the expeditious licensure and acceptance of those w ho wish to immigrate or who already reside in the different states of the US is needed to resolve the nursing shortage.Nurses are vital in the health care system, thus the government, nursing associations, employers, educators, and others have collaborated to address the nursing shortage issue. Nursing has been burdened with societal expectations of selflessness and devotion.   Thus, a high ethical and legal standard should be met by all American nurses.The nursing shortage carries with it a lot of implications.   Foremost, this has affected the quality and safety of the entire American health care system as nothing is more critical to the health and well being of Americans than safe, sound, and available health care.   Thus, the governments, professional associations, educators, administrators and employers have accelerated their efforts to reduce the potential threat of this shortage and thus minimize the potential public risk.   Hence, nursing education would flourish and nursing graduates would increase in number. With this, nursing graduates will have a positive job outlook as their demand is high. With these efforts, the nursing shortage would come to an end and nurses could provide the Americans with a safe and high quality health care.ReferencesAmerican Medical Association (2007).   No End in Sight to Nursing Shortage:   Bottleneck atNursing Schools a Key Factor.   Vol 298, No. 14. Available:American Nurses Association. (2003). Planning for the Future: Nursing Human ResourceProjections.   Available:   http://www.nursingworld.org/ojin/topic14/tpc14_4.htmNevidjon, B., Erickson, J. (January 31, 2001) The Nursing Shortage: Solutions for the Shortand Long Term Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. Vol. #6, No. #1, Manuscript 4.Available: http://www.nursingworld.org/ojin/topic14/tpc14_4.htm

Ethnic Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethnic Diversity - Essay Example The growth minority health care professionals, however, is slowed down by a number of barriers including racism, discrimination, and lack of commitment to changing situation. Racism and prejudice is the root cause and the most evident reality of a certain barrier to increasing the number of minority health care professionals, particularly among non-White females. Patient and co-workers still associate the nursing image to those of White, middle-aged woman. According to the study of Douglas et al., standards integrating social justice will facilitate culturally-competent care among nurses and address racial and ethnic inequalities. This is because the social justice principle is grounded on the belief of fair and equal rights regardless of differences in ethnicity and demographics. Nursing schools must equip students with cultural competence and must still in mind about social justice. The image of a nurse as a White, middle-aged woman must be gradually changed to ethnically-diverse, competent nurse to cope with the increasing need of the healthy population. In a span of time, the United States’ population will soon have a diverse set of the population; thus, we need diverse, culturally-competent nurse to holistically address the needs of this population. Meanwhile, all of this vision of ethnically-diverse, competent nurse will not become a reality if policies for ensuring implementation will not be integrated into legislation – both in the preparatory schools for nursing and in the workforce settings.

Obesity in pediatric individual Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Obesity in pediatric individual - Essay Example Family history indicates that her father is obese and has Type 2 diabetes. The girl is alert and oriented, pleasant and cooperative and her vital signs indicate BP at 108/58, Heart Rate 64, RR 16, Temperature 98.4 and Body Mass Index (BMI) 32. The skin tone is dark pigmented neck, hands and underarms. The other conditions of the individual include: HEENT: Normocephalic, PERRLA, Visible fundus, without evident Micro vascular Damage. Exam otherwise unremarkable musculoskeletal – neck flexed, head down, poor posture d/t cervical dorsal hump Psychosocial – Poor self esteem, based on posture, body image. Lungs: good air entry, no adventitious breath  sound. Heart: S1 S2 present, no murmur, click, or rub. Obesity can be perceived as health hazard that primarily derives from the intake of more â€Å"calories than the body requires† and it can also occur due to the â€Å"interaction of genetic and environmental factors† (Thorleifsson et al, 2008, p.1). ... In the absence of any other obvious reasons identified in her case, the reportedly unusual weight gain of the girl seems to suggest an association with genetic or genomic causes. This becomes a specific concern since the subject’s father has a history of obesity with Type 2 diabetes. Evidence Supporting Genetic/Genomic Risk: Childhood and adolescent obesity is one of the major problems being faced by nations across the world in the modern day and this is especially so in the case of developed countries such as the United States. Though environmental changes play a key role in the prevalence of obesity across the world, evidence also suggests that â€Å"genetic component† also contributes to the risk (Bradfield et al, 2012, p.3). Recent studies based on genome-wide associations also indicate that â€Å"many genetic loci† are responsible for BMI/obesity in adults and the largest meta-analysis has brought to the fore â€Å"eighteen loci associated with BMI† ( p.4). This study further corroborates the existence of â€Å"two novel obesity loci† which are associated with â€Å"elevated adiposity in the first eighteen years of life† (p.6). Thus, it transpires that genetic and genomic elements are high risk factors for the prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents, apart from environmental causes. Since the subject’s father happens to be diabetic, the apprehension of possible risk of inherited obesity is quite high in the instant case. Wardle et al, while agreeing to the notion that the high prevalence of obesity in the recent past can be attributed to environmental factors, contends that â€Å"inherited genetic differences†

Theory of Cognitive Dissonance & apply it on abortion in USA.2 Research Paper

Theory of Cognitive Dissonance & apply it on abortion in USA.2 - Research Paper Example (Chasek, 2010) Further understanding needs to be established on the theory to bring out the idea that this is a theory that is basically adopted form social psychology. From the title, individuals with basic knowledge on Psychology can draw out the conclusion that that cognitive stands for the mind or the process of thinking while dissonance stands for conflict or inconsistency. From this point it is safe to say that cognitive dissonance comes as a result of psychological conflict arising from upholding two or more parallel beliefs that work in an incompatible mode. This theory has been embraced by the experts in many fields by molding it to fit into their own requirements. An example is in the field of communication alongside various other disciplines. . (McLeod, 2008). This theory is quite the famous one because it manages to displace all forms of previous engagements in form of conditioning by completely viewing as rather purposeful decision makers by majorly opting to balance the beliefs. The mind should therefore be conditioned in such a way that in case one is presented with decision making situations that create dissonance, then one is supposed to apply strategies of dissonance reduction so as to basically regain relevant equilibrium mostly in situations whereby the decision making would have great effect on the self esteem of the individual involved. (Barker, 2003) The theory of dissonance applies in various situations that involve the change of attitude and its formation. The theory has the capability of manipulating individuals to embrace certain behaviors so as to influence the people to change their own attitudes. This quality makes the theory and the thoughts around it relevant for problem solving and decision making. A real life situation as an example is a situation whereby a driver holds on to the beliefs that he does not require seat belts when driving. Then the reality dawns on him when he gets the news that a friend had an accident and lost h is life simply because he had no seat belt on. The dissonance of this driver may possibly be reduced by actually completely altering behavior and hence starting to apply the use of the seat belt because he now finds it necessary to avoid impending implications that may rise if he doesn’t use it. The driver can also embrace the idea that he needs to find an alternative since his hatred for the seat belts in general could still be outstanding. Then he may seek relevant information on available alternatives in the market and fall for the airbags. Therefore the impetus to actually bring dissonance down majorly relies on the amount or magnitude of the held dissonance (McLeod, 2008). The dissonance in us is mostly always important and stronger when we have a belief about something that we hold dear but we go ahead and do something completely parallel to that belief. An example is when we believe that somebody is good, the he goes on to do something that is really bad, then what we have in the mind is cognitive dissonance that results in the kind of discomfort we feel from the entire idea. Dissonance will increase perpendicularly with the level of importance that we give to a certain subject, the strength by which the two conflicting feelings or thought feel the parallel forces against each

Cogn. week3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cogn. week3 - Essay Example The relation to theories is done with good understanding of the concept it entails. The social and cultural factors in terms of a gap in perception is one that I can relate to my own example of the difference in context of culture that acts as a barrier to perceiving another persons point of view. Assignment # 3 Write a brief explanation of the extent to which you think perception involves learning. After reading up on Sternberg’s (2009) literature on perception we can come to the conclusion that learning and perception are intertwined. Just look at what we mean when we use the term learning, it is basically a moderately permanent modification in one’s behavior resulting due to some experience or a practice. This change encompasses concepts such as classical and operant conditioning as well as perceptual learning. Now let’s look at what we mean when we use the term perception. It usually relates to one’s awareness of things, experiences or events that stim ulate ones senses. So we can rightfully say that when one perceives something through the environment, he is learning from it and then putting it into practice (Hulse, Deese & Egeth, 1975). Look at the visual aspect of learning which is highly dependant on the brains tendency to organize various stimuli into objects which are seen as figures. The basic development of an individual is greatly impacted by the things he perceives which he does by learning. Most of everything that we learn in our daily lives takes root from a learning resulting from new perceptions; with our present perception being impacted by our prior learning, especially when there is an emotional meaning attached (Hochberg, 1964). This can be best explained by the aid of an example. A gun might be perceived a lot differently by a woman who has seen someone being shot as compared to the innocent way a child might look at it. The child would view it as a toy and associate it with fun and play whereas the woman will p erceive it as a deadly weapon associated with feelings of fear and danger. Another relevant example can be that of an infant learning how to walk. Initially he will fall as he tries to balance in order to walk. He experiences a fall while he is at it however he still practices to learn how to walk. So in this way he is learning from his mistakes. Look at a blind man trying to learn how to walk. Him learning to walk around on his own lies greatly on his perception of spaces and figures hence without one he cannot achieve the other. That is how greatly the two concepts are connected. References Hochberg. J. Art, Perception and Reality. The representation of things and people. The John Hopkings university press. 1972. Pg. 47. Hulse, Deese & Egeth. 1975. The psychology of learning. McGraw-Hill, 1975 Sternberg, R.J. (2009). Cognitive psychology, (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage

British Pop Art versus Nouveau Realisme Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

British Pop Art versus Nouveau Realisme - Essay Example Pop Art emerged in 1950’s Britain and quickly took root in America and other parts of the world as well. The style formed in response to abstract; the latter being considered an overdone, muddled interpretation of reality by many artists who desired to create art that could be more easily appreciated by the masses. The fact was that with abstract art, audiences and different artists like Allan Jones felt that the works being produced were supportive of elitism. Small, trendy art audiences would attend gallery openings, discuss the paintings and in most cases were encouraged to think of themselves as a privileged bunch who were able to see through the ambiguous artwork to the ‘true meaning’. To take down this elitist mentality that was rampant in the world of art, Pop Artists decided to show their own interpretations of the world in a clear, concise manner that could be appreciated by the average person on the street. The object of Pop Art was to do just as its na me suggested: to take images, techniques and styles from popular culture and use them in the creation of new works of art. Artists admitted for the first time that they were actually targeting a larger audience than was usual, and in doing so hoped to bring an appreciation of their work to the masses instead of to a small elite group. If direct reference was made to popular culture and imagery in the art itself, then people who usually were not interested in artistic interpretation would find themselves drawn into the work. By using popular culture as the basis for the artwork, artists felt that they had a better chance of getting into the minds of the common people and encouraging them to think about their world and the messages that might be behind the art. A major factor of British Pop Art was its tendency to emphasize those aspects of the British culture that were considered mundane or banal (Chilvers 305). Artists who used different styles thought that the artwork portrayed a mindlessness inherent in British society; others thought it showed nothing more than a breakdown of art itself from an intellectual philosophical form of expression to the expression of common ignorance. Perhaps inadvertently, Pop Artists were renewing the old ties of realism to the art world after the abstract phase and because of this many other artists have been inspired to create art using unorthodox methods and imagery. Whatever the actual effect of Pop Art on its audience, the fact remains that its creators were seeking a way out of what they viewed as an

Nutritional Therapy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Nutritional Therapy - Assignment Example In this assignment, where a dietary assessment would be undertaken of the micronutrients in my diet, and I will list all foods eaten in a three-day period in the second half of the week, where a weekend diet is also included. Although this provides a fair idea about the usual diet, this method has been criticized to be not totally accurate. This is because, the subjects either forget or are not totally truthful. They are also sometimes inclined to say they have eaten certain foods because they know they should have done so. However, in the absence of a more reliable method, this option is worth exploring. In this assignment, the collated data will be analyzed by a computer software programme to determine of the nutrient intake has been appropriate. It will accurately reveal any nutrient deficiencies from this dairy. Rice, white, long-grain, parboiled, enriched, dry; Vegetables, mixed, frozen, cooked, boiled, drained, without salt; Soup, vegetable beef, dry, mix; Chicken, meatless, breaded, fried; Fruit punch drink, frozen concentrate Rice, white, medium-grain, cooked; Vegetables, mixed, frozen, cooked, boiled, drained, without salt; Chicken breast tenders, cooked, microwaved; Soup, chicken broth cubes, dry; Desserts, flan, caramel custard, prepared-from-recipe When these steps are evaluated together, the dietician has the best possible opportunity to make an accurate nutritional assessment. ... Personal Food Diary Day 2 Meal Contents of the Meal Notes Breakfast Cereals, ready-to-eat, ALPEN; Milk, indian buffalo, fluid; Egg, whole, cooked, scrambled; "Apples, canned, sweetened, sliced, drained, unheated Lunch BURGER KING, Chicken WHOPPER Sandwich; Hot Cocoa Mix Rich Chocolate With Marshmallows Dinner Rice, brown, medium-grain, cooked; Potato salad, home-prepared; Beef, corned beef hash, with potato, canned; Vegetarian stew; Desserts, apple crisp, prepared-from-recipe Snacks Candies, NESTLE, AFTER EIGHT Mints Beverages None Food Groups Food Groups Milk and Dairy X X Meats X X Grains X Fruits X X X Vegetables X X X Other X X X Computer Analysis Personal Food Diary Day3 Meal Contents of the Meal Notes Breakfast Bread, wheat; Papaya nectar, canned Lunch Rice, white, medium-grain, cooked; Vegetables, mixed, frozen, cooked, boiled, drained, without salt; Chicken breast tenders, cooked, microwaved; Soup, chicken broth cubes, dry; Desserts, flan, caramel custard, prepared-from-recipe Dinner Rice noodles, cooked; Veal, ground, cooked, broiled; Fish, haddock, smoked; Vegetarian stew; Fruit salad, (pineapple and papaya and banana and guava), tropical, canned, heavy syrup, solids and liquids Snacks Snacks, fruit leather, pieces Beverages Alcoholic beverage, wine, table, white Food Groups Food Groups Milk and Dairy X X X X X Meats X X X Grains X X Fruits X Vegetables X X X Other X X X X Computer Analysis When these steps are evaluated together, the dietician has the best possible opportunity to make an accurate nutritional assessment. This information can then be used by the dietician or the nutritional

Consumer law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Consumer law - Essay Example As per the law, shoppers have the right to return goods that they find to be faulty or do not match the samples displayed or underperform, which are the basic rights of a consumer. On the other hand, the law protects retailers against policies that the law does not cover such as when a consumer changes their mind after making purchase. 1. Introduction In many nations, there are organs charged with overseeing the compliance of consumer law meaning no universal body that governs this law. For instance the state organ charged with this responsibility is the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission1 while in Germany this responsibility falls on the Minister for Federal Cabinet. In Australia, the ACL or the Australian Consumer Law is a uniform legislative application for protecting consumers, which applies as the practiced law in the Commonwealth of Australia. In addition, goods worth more than $40,000 and were household goods and appliances fell under this protection together with vehicles that were essential in the transportation industry. Some of the other goods that the ACL offered protection included second hand goods sold, hired or leased to consumers through trade or commerce and any goods whose worth was up to $40,000 or a figure that ACL would denote in the future. With this, this essay will delve into Sarah’s case study where she bought a television set and found to be faulty after taking it home. Further, it will highlight on Sarah’s individual rights as a consumer of home appliance as provided for under the Consumer legislation in Australia and Contract law. Further, the essay will highlight Sarah’s rights under the consumer legislation and under the contract law. Focus will also be on the consumer law in Kuwait and their comparison to those of Australia in relation to Sarah’s case and the difference in handling of this case in both countries. 2. Consumer rights under the consumer legislation in Australia As of January 2 011, suppliers and manufacturer’s of products and services had to comply with the Competition and Consumer Act of 2010, which is also the Australian Consumer Law2. The benefit that law brought on consumers were relatively the same as those stated in warranties and conditions that were previously existing in states and territories of Australia. The law was also a follow up on the Trade Practices Act of 1974 that influenced fair-trading of goods and services across the Australian region3. The ACL also spread to cover goods and services received by consumers as gifts as this area emerged as a possible area of infringing on the rights of the consumer. However, goods bought before the enactment of the law in 2011 were eligible to protection under the ACL, but were under the protection of the Traders Practice Act. Goods that are on one off sales such as garage sales and those sold on auctions on behalf owners also do not have protection under the AC law. Additionally, ACL does not cover goods bought for re-supply, those costing more than forty thousand dollars but are normally for business purposes or those that a buyer makes purchase in order to assist in production or manufacture of their goods4. As per the ACL, a consumer has rights against a supplier if the goods on sale do not meet the consumer expectations through minor or major problems. In cases that a problem in a product is minimal,

International Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Marketing - Case Study Example Today instead of the traditional approach of 'maximizing' the profits, organizations go ahead with multiple objectives, monetary as well as non-monetary. There are short-term objectives as well as long-term ones. Strategists are supposed to prioritize all such objectives, so that there is clarity and ease of decision making in situations where there is an apparent clash of objectives. Here we'll analyse Vodafone, its strengths, comparative advantages, its weaknesses and some of the opportunities that it can capitalize on in the Turkish telecom market. Vodafone has acquired competitive advantage over its rivals on account of its marketing efforts, brand building, value creation, innovation, operational efficiencies etc. Today Vodafone is one of the world's leading international mobile telecommunications group having an equity base in 27 countries across 5 continents, 186.8 million proportionate customers and 33 partner networks (Vodafone, 2006). Company's vision statement1 says, the c ompany aspires 'to be the world's mobile communications leader, enriching customers' lives and helping individuals, businesses and communities to be more connected in a mobile world'. With this vision company plans to invest in Turkey. The PEST or PESTEL analysis is a useful tool for any industry or b... The analysis mainly comprises of; Political factors Economic factors Socio-cultural factors Technological factors Environmental Factors Legal Factors All these factors have different relevance for different types of industries and businesses. Political The modern Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923 by the legendary Mustafa Kemal, better known as "Ataturk" or father of the Turks. The democratic tradition of modern Turkey has faced quite a few challenges with periods of instability. In the recent past Turkey has also been criticized for its human rights record. Amnesty International accused the Turkish government in November 2001 of systematically and regularly torturing its citizens. Corruption remains one of the key challenges for Turkey. After the parliamentary elections held in November 2002, the Justice and Development Party (AKP), a moderate Islamist group, won a resounding majority. This caused some worry amongst the proponents of Turkey's reforms program, as AKP is known to position itself as a champion of Turkey's beleaguered impoverished majority, and is therefore potentially vulnerable to damaging economic populism (Datamonitor, 2006). But so far all such apprehensions have been put to rest with the continuance of the e conomic reforms, a necessity for favorable investment climate in the country. Turkey has been successfully able to overcome the banking and currency crisis of 2000-2001 Economic Turkish economy was in real bad shape during the 1990s, with growth rates of about 3% only. The 2000-01 banking and currency crisis further crippled the economy. But with some active support from IMF, the economy has been able to stage a turnaround. Owing to successful economic and structural reforms, CAGR of the Turkish economy over 2000-2005

Talent ID report Essay Example for Free

Talent ID report Essay Report The talent identification programme for cricket is a long programme that identifies talented athletes from the ages 6-18+. It is a structured and detailed programme that breaks down in to five stages that athletes will be identified to have potential for elite success in. The stages are fundamentals, learning to Train, Training to Train, Training to compete, and Training to Win. Fundamentals This is the first stage, where talent is identified at the ages of 6-9(boys) and 6-8(girls). This stage is seen as the developmental stage, which aims to identify and provide young performers with the overall athletic skills in addition to a introduction to basic throwing, catching and striking skills. This stage uses drills involving Agility, co-ordination, and balance, speed, throwing, striking and catching. Also the approach towards these sessions is very personal, and about the game. The first stage is performed in a fun environment, performing drills and other sporting activities. This stage is very beneficial because it identifies talented athletes at a young age. This is an advantage as being able to identify at a young age means that, they can be nurtured and moulded into a successful athlete. The youth that are selected for this programme show the ABCs specific movement skills(agility, balance, coordination, speed, striking ,catching and throwing) and are selected by coaches as they are watched performing, by coaches. This is an early stage in talent identification, and only those athletes that show the charisma are selected at this stage for further development. This can be slightly stressful, especially as the athletes are quite young, and are still developing, physically and mentally. Also it can ruin confidence of some youths, however overall this stage is quite selective and only few people are selected at this stage, as the level of performance that is required is evident when selecting the players. Commonly, like most of the stages the players are also recorded, in games or drills, without them being too aroused by it, so that they can perform in full confidence and in a stress free situation. This is a good way of making the assessment as at the age that they athletes are its not advisable to cause them, such a heavy pressure or burden and also if they have the charisma, it will be evident in natural, drills and games. An example of a cricketer that was founded at this stage is the great Sachin Tendulkar, who has gone on to become an icon in cricket and is commonly called the little master. Learning to train This is the second stage that identifies talent at the age 9-12(boys) and 8-11 (girls). Again similarly to the fundamentals stage it looks at the basic sport skills that athletes may have. The aim of identifying talents at this stage and at this age is to get athletes that can develop their movements associated with batting bowling, fielding and wicket keeping. Furthermore developing overall athletic skills they have. Coaches that are assessing young talents at this stage are looking for athletes that again show the charisma, alongside key components such as strength flexibility and speed. They asses the players again through observation of performance and ability. And on selection they are introduces to the skills in more specificity. They will look at the techniques and movements of performing the specific skills, (batting bowling ECT) along side will be introduced to training programmes that emphasise on the shoulders, elbow, spine, core, and ankle stability. Further more psychological skills will also be introduced near the end of stage. This is very similar to the first stage and is still about developing talent and nurturing their techniques and the way they approach the game. This is very influential stage and has positive effects on the athletes as they are more likely to listen and undertake the desired and appropriate approach towards performing the different skills. Never the less this stage can again be to early for some of the athletes that might show the ability however they might not be mature enough to carry and understand the principles of this stage in the talent identification. Training to Train This is the third stage, and is aimed towards 11-16(boys) 11-15(girls). It is a progression to the previous stage and aims to create further development on specifics skills and physical condition for the game. This stage is where it is more common for player to be identified as they are at a suitable age, and their abilities and talent is easier to indentify and work with. It is also a favoured stage by many coaches to identify talent as it is the stage where players have to focus on the physical and mental requirements. This stage of the development programme looks to increase technical work, for example on the front foot, and back foot playing bother attacking and defensive shots; and for bowlers pace and spin techniques are enhanced. Also overall team work and team fielding and working as a team is emphasised on. This stage differs from the other to as the age difference is higher and therefore the training toll is also at increased intensity and this is the stage where the athletes are introduced to fitness tests which are established to benchmark and monitor development. Athletes also have to keep positive attitudes and this is reinforced on and off the pitch. This stage is an important stage and very lucrative for the game as this is where most emerging cricketers are established. This stage of the development programme prepares them for the transaction to performing at a high level, and introduces and conditions them. However on the flip side the only problem with this stage is that the training must be carried out depending on each players PHV, which is the peak height velocity, which is also known as a growth spurt. This can be a set back as each individual has different time when they grow and mature, and if training is done before this it can have detrimental effects. Training to compete This is the third stage, which is aimed for 16-18 (men), 15-17 (women). This stage is a progression from the previous stage. However it is slightly different as it mainly aims to enhance game awareness and competitive development. The key principle in this stage is to create the optimum environment, so that the athletes learn the importance of independence and their responsibility. Also this stage looks to develop and concentrate on athletes technical and tactical skills that they use in game competitive situations, replicating the opportunity to make key decisions and making judgements. This stage also looks at lifestyle advice and support including managing tour, financial advice, career advice and education support. This is an important stage of talent identification for aspiring talent because it is the step that begins to prepare them for performance at high standards. This stage involves many drills and training sessions, which will enhance the players confidence alongside his ability to delivery constantly at the high levels that they have shown. Athletes will benefit from this stage as they will gain help in how to lead their lifestyle which will be changing as they make the transition to elite levels. Nevertheless this stage could be more specific, and personal to the players needs as each player might have different weaknesses. Training to win This is the third stage which is targeted for 18+ (men) 17 + (women). This is the stage where the maintenance of physical capacities and development of elite performer attributes is concentrated on by maintaining the right environment. This stage is also all about individualised training programmes and dependant on specific needs associated within the game. Athletes at this stage will look and concentrate mainly on team dynamics and will learn the importance of planning brakes to avoid burn outs and injuries. This is the final stage of development before players perform at elite levels therefore there are remedial support on fine technical work. This stage is very important and the advice on how to handle the change in lifestyle and the work on team dynamics is very lucrative for the athletes as these are main areas in which the game will differ from amateur to professional levels. Also the remedial session will also be beneficial as it will help boost confidence and just make sure that the players are totally ready for the transition. However on the other hand this may also backfire and by having remedial sessions, create more pressure and ruin the confidence of athletes but it is more dependent on the individuals preference and how the they react to the support. This is how the talent identification programme for cricket is structured. It is structured in such a way, as it covers a wide range of ages. Cricket is among many racket sports that involve perfection in technique, and therefore finding qualities in talent at young ages is very beneficial for the sport as it makes it earlier to teach, train and create a professional player. This approach is used as younger you are the more you will adapt, where as you get older you will not be able to adapt, as you get set in your own comfort zone. This is why having a set up that works through the ages, determining that they are moulding into the game is vital However the length of the programme and different stages can over complicate the process of being prepared to play at elite level. This may affect the athletes as they wont get the best advice and training that they might need. The talent identification programme for cricket is run by the English cricket board, however it is down to the coaches/ ex players who are allocated to counties across the country to recognise the talent and put them onto the development scheme. Players are commonly scouted and given these opportunities by being recognised at a club, or district level. It is common that through club matches, in large competitions, selectors may come down to watch the game. However it is also likely team managers and coaches get in touch with selectors as they also have a responsibility in finding young talent. The process of being selected to perform in talent development programmes means that once you have been recognised, you must have to perform your skills whilst being recorded. This can be done in a game situation, or done by training at indoor or outdoor net sessions. Players are recorded in this manor so that there is evidence of their ability. This is then analysed by the talent identification selectors who then will most likely come and watch the player perform. When selectors come to watch the players perform the normally have a check list of attributes that they are looking for in player. (Attachment sheet) This checklist normally states sets of questions under each skill they will be observing. They will also record them when they watch them so that they can double check their progress, and ensure that the player posses all the qualities. The approach of recording the players is taken as it gives the assessors evidence along side with more accuracy in when they make their verdict. The selectors use the videos to slow motion, and break down a players technique to ensure that they possess a sound technique. This is also beneficial for the player as it can help them see how they perform, in the eyes of others and give them inspiration and motivate them to improve little parts of their game. The manner in which players are selected is a quite a good strategy as it can be clear and easy to asses, alongside being beneficial for the performer. It can be beneficial to the performer as it can help them and their coaches pin point any weakness, and work on them if the selectors reject instead of getting demoralised. Also it having evidence of a recording alongside being watched means that there is benefit of doubt and evidence of you performing the skills properly, as anyone can have a bad game. It can also ease nerves. Never the less it can also have the opposite affect and create extended pressure on the athlete and make them underperform. This is rare as an attribute in cricket is to handle and play in pressuring and high intensity situations. Fitness is also tested once a player is selected. This is done by a series of fitness tests such as the multistage bleep test, 30metre sprints, one rep max , hand grip dynamiter ect These fitness tests are carried out as it gives the selectors information about the players fitness. Selectors will give different players different fitness tests depending on their role in a team; however the general components that everyone must pass are the bleep, 30 metre sprint, and one rep max. This fitness test must be passes as these are the test that measures the essential and most vital fitness components required for the sport. This talent identification programme will have a positive effect on cricket as it will enhance the quality and support that upcoming cricketers are receiving which will make the future of the sport brighter. Developing the young talent will give the sport a good name which will also lead to enhanced participation. This is good for the sport as it means that it will become better known and more money will be put into the sport which means the sports facilities are improved. Another advantage of this programme in the current environment is that it can give employment opportunities to coaches, as this programme spreads around the country. Furthermore the advantages from guiding the upcoming talent will mean that the country will produce a stronger clan of cricketers who can represent the country at world events and can contribute in making the countries team the worlds best team. It will also mean the quality of cricket, and ethics of the game that have been passed down through the years will still be present in the future games. This programme has a strong foundation, and is well structured which indicates that it is more than likely to be a successful in being able to find and develop the countries cricket and help produce new, world class cricketers. This can be ensured are the programmes is critically structured, so that it identifies talents at all age groups and trains the players selected in a large variety of manners so that they are conditioned. However it can also be noted that this programme will be a long process and it can create false hope to the talents that maybe selected as the programme can be seen to be slightly over critical. This means that many of the athletes that are selected may not succeed in performing in the highest levels as they might not be prepared or ready at the time to meet the demands of the different stages, but it does leave them with experience and give them more of a chance than those that havent been selected to make it to the highest podium of performance. On the whole this talent identification programme can be viewed as a potential success in meeting the aims of finding excelling talent in cricket and providing them a developing foundation from which they can grow into good cricketers. This can be proven by the depth of the programme and how it offers something unique and lucrative at each stage of the development. Never the less the programme is slightly long, and the calibre to which it has been created might be slightly too expensive to fund, as it will take a lot of money, and resources.

Generalists Social Work and Rape Survivors

Generalists Social Work and Rape Survivors Introduction Generalist social work practice is one of the conceptual framework developed to guide social workers on social delivery. This approach was developed following the Milford conferences in 1990s. By definition, generalist social work entails a way of viewing practice. It focus on the association between system, on a client-centered and use of appropriate theories and approaches meant to improve people’s well being (Council on Social Work Education 2008). It is always expected that the social work should entail multifaceted approach and that any social worker employing generalist perspective must be ready to engage in direct and indirect intervention based on multilevel assessment (Council on Social Work Education 2008). The generalist social work is also expected to be client-centered and problem-focused in process of helping the client advance social functioning. It should be based on research. As it shall turn out, generalist social worker must be able to skillfully select and apply multifaceted intervention modes and should carry out multilevel assessments and intervene at one or more levels depending on client situation. A generalist social worker should be well-versed with the individual, group, family, community and institutional intervention methods. Generalists social worker should be competent in different treatment skills (Council on Social Work Education 2008). He or she should be able to intervene with complex activities than only referral and should engage in the full spectrum of direct services. He should be even competent in policy and program development, organizational and community development. The generalists social worker should work based on evidence based research rather than traditional chores, which comprises only of referral Generalists social work should help different groups in the society experiencing social problems or needs. Rape victims are example of individuals who need the assistance of the generalist social worker. Victims of violent crimes are most vulnerable to many conditions and should be assisted accordingly (Council on Social Work Education 2008). Social workers are expected to identify these victims and take necessary and appropriate measures to assist them recover from trauma. Before exploring the generalists social work practice with victims if violent crime, this paper will first elaborate who the victims of violent crimes and why they deserve special attention from generalist social worker. Rapeis a form of forced sexual intercourse whereby the resistance of the female is prevented by threats of great and immediate bodily harm such as use of knife or gun. It is very common crime. The choice of this group of victims is prompted by the fact that rape is one of the most serious assault and is characterized by stigmatization (Council on Social Work Education 2008). In fact the victims of rape may decide not to seek any medical assistance because of the stigma. In addition, rape is not only associated with physical injuries but also with the psychological torture and trauma. Fortunately, rape victims may seek help from multiple formal social systems, which include the legal, medical, and mental health system including the rape crisis centers (Council on Social Work Education 2008). This means that the victims of rape deserve special assistance from social workers. Rape also takes place mainly when there is political instabilities. For example, Ghitis (2010) reveals that in any battle ground, rape must take place. He adds that possibly millions of women who have suffered rape during wars are now telling their stories and taking action with the help of legal specialists and womens rights groups. History also justifies that sexual assault inevitably accompanies armed conflict and war. In fact some researchers has used rape to mean a weapon of war and as a phenomenon with important tactical and strategic dimensions (Council on Social Work Education 2008). For example, rape during Bosnian War was used to change the ethnic make-up of the conquered territory. Similarly, rape during Rwandan genocide was strategically done to clear Tutsi population. In Rwanda, for example, the number of rape victims is estimated to be about 500,000. The incidence and frequency of rape is also significantly high. The study by the Federal Bureau of Investigation reveals that a rape case occurs in every ten minutes but is underreported. The analysis also shows that 1 in every 15 women will be raped sometime during her life if the current trend continues. It is also important to note that most of the attention is focused on the rapists. Most policies are designed to punish the rapists. Little has been done to help the rape victims. Rape being a social factor, generalist social worker is considered the most appropriate person to assist the rape victims. The next section of the paper presents the intervention that the generalist social work profession can make to address or intervene in the problem of rape. The analysis would be based on the framework proposed by the Council on Social Work Education, which places emphasis on the use of evidence to inform practice and practice to inform research (Council on Social Work Education 2008). According to the CSWE, the generalists social work should take the role of a broker, an advocate, a mediator, educator, social actionist and also as a clinician (Council on Social Work Education 2008). Evidence based practice of generalists social worker in helping rape victims As indicated, the general social work practice should no longer entail the traditional roles such as referral. Firstly, the generalists should diagnose and identify the needs of the rape survivors or victims that should be addressed. There are many problems that the rape victims could wish to be solved. The first need is that most rape victims may encounter rape ordeal when they were not expecting. This means that the need to be informed about what to do and where to seek medical, mental health and social and legal services (Schatz, Jenkins, Sheafor, 1990). The second need is that after medical treatment, the rape victim needs to go through professional counselling for emotional trauma and its consequent social disruption. They also need legal assistances in aspects such as information about rights, advocacy and representation in the criminal justice system. Rape is also associated with consequences such as unwanted pregnancy and also HIV and other venereal diseases. They need thoro ugh intervention on these matters (Schatz, Jenkins, Sheafor, 1990). Based on these needs, it is apparent that rape victims needs a comprehensive range of services from different fields such as law, mental health, and social life. The only challenge is that most of the rape victims are in a state of extreme emotional crisis. They are not prepared to go through all these fields and may even have little knowledge on what to do altogether. Generalist social worker act as a coordinator and referee Generalist social worker is considered an integral agency who should take the responsibility for developing the program and for organizing and coordinating additional support services. Social worker should be the one to guide the victim of rape on where to seek primary care and where to seek the secondary care. It is indisputable that many services may be available in the community already. However, accessing these services may be the major obstacle. Generalist social worker, according to Council on Social Work Education (2008), should be the one addressing the obstacles barring the rape victim from accessing the appropriate services. The generalist social worker should act as a coordinator and should bridge different facilities with an aim of improving management of rape victims. For example, the hospitals may be ready to manage patients and families in crisis but may face financial limitation as an obstacle and hence may not be able to sypport all the services necessary for a compr ehensive rape-treatment program (Schatz, Jenkins, Sheafor, 1990). However, with the intervention or help of generalist social work, the victims can get assistance from the financial programs and facilities that are meant to aid the patient in accessing necessary treatment. Generalist social work is therefore acting as a coordinator who should coordinate different programs together and also as a referral agent who should refer the victims to the relevant services. Generalist social work as a counselor Council on Social Work Education (2008) considers counselling as an integral part evidence based practice in the management of rape victims or rape survivors. The experiences that such victim go following disclosure of their problems is always unbearable. It has been shown that most of them undergo different forms of victimization. They also receive insensitive treatment, survivor blame and most of them are not offered adequate social services. All these can worsen their state of health. In fact it has been shown that most of them undergo what is called second rape or second sexual assault based on the nature of victimization they experience (Schatz, Jenkins, Sheafor, 1990). For example, it has been shown that survivors experience with medical and criminal justice agencies closely mimic the nature and /or dynamics of actual rape experiences and can be even more re-traumatizing Collings, 2009). The generalist social work is meant to counsel the rape victims on the best way of contain ing the situation. The generalist social work should offer appropriate counselling to the rape survivors and make them understand the situation and also value the importance of social services. There generalist social work should be a source of hope to the rape survivors because they usually receive a lot of resistance not only from society but even from their mothers, in case the rape survivor is a child (Schatz, Jenkins, Sheafor, 1990). They should help the rape survivors recover from the otherwise second rape by counselling them that their future is still bright and assuring them that there exists many social services apart from the medical services that can be utilized (Schatz, Jenkins, Sheafor, 1990). During counselling process, the counsellor should provide the victim of rape with current data regarding the value and responsiveness of the support services. They should also help in educational process. They can, for example give seminars on the emotional trauma of rape. It is always important fo r social worker to be knowledgeable about the criminal justice system. Generalist social worker as a clinician in helping rape survivors As stated earlier, generalists social worker should have clinical competence. Rape victims or survivors normally require medical assistance. Despite the fact that there are hospitals, those working in the hospital may not have enough expertise to handle the rape victims. Many researchers have proved that healthcare providers are not trained on how to handle the case of rape victims (Schatz, Jenkins, Sheafor, 1990). For example, instead of sympathizing and emphasizing with them, the healthcare practitioners may victimize the rape survivors. This is evidenced by the study by Collings (2009), which indicate that most of rape survivors undergo different forms of victimization in the hospitals. They also receive insensitive treatment, survivor blame and most of them are not offered adequate social services. All these can worsen their state of health. In fact it has been shown that most of them undergo what is called second rape or second sexual assault based on the nature of victimization they experience. For example, it has been shown that survivors experience with with medical and criminal justice agencies closely mimic the nature and /or dynamics of actual rape experiences and can be even more re-traumatizing. This means that generalists social worker could be the best clinician to address the medical needs of the rape survivors because generalist social worker is not only trained in clinical competence but also in how to handle the victim of rape without imposing any form of victimization or secondary rape. Generalist social work should therefore diagnose the physical injuries sustained by rape victim or survivor and administer appropriate intervention. The generalist social worker should also test whether the victim contracted the venereal and STI and administer the appropriate int ervention. Generalist social worker as a broker in helping rape victims It is indisputable that the rape victims are in need of many resources and services. However, most of them may not have information as to where to obtain such resources and services. It is therefore the role of the generalist social worker to act as a bridge and to let the rape survivors access the required services and resources. As a broker, generalists social worker should not have personal vested interests. When broking, they should be guided by a number elements. Firstly, they should recognize the victim as an individual with fear and preferences which should be solved at the end of plan or brokerage process. They should also turn the brokerage plan into reality and should take into consideration the risks and benefits of the brokerage process. Generalists’ social worker as a mediator in helping rape victims As stated earlier, rape victims undergo different forms of victimization. They also receive insensitive treatment, survivor blame and most of them are not offered adequate social services. It is also shown that survivors experience with medical and criminal justice agencies closely mimic the nature and /or dynamics of actual rape experiences and can be even more re-traumatizing (Schatz, Jenkins, Sheafor, 1990). Because of this, most of the rape cases are underreported despite the fact that they occur in every ten minutes. The stigma and the traumatizing experiences that the rape victims go through prevent them from even seeking medical assistance. Generalists social worker is therefore expected to mediate the process and help make decisions that are meant to benefit the rape survivor. In fact in court cases, the generalist social worker should be the one representing the client. Ethical considerations It should be noted that the generalists social worker should work towards benefiting all the affected groups. He or she should promote social justice by ensuring that all members of society access the societal resources that a society offers (Schatz, Jenkins, Sheafor, 1990). They should help the most vulnerable groups in the society. Despite the fact that they may act as brokers, they should not use this role to benefit themselves. They should expand institutional resources such as adequate education, political participation and should strive to promote fairness and respect. They should not cause further trauma to the rape victims (Schatz, Jenkins, Sheafor, 1990). It is also important to note that most professionals may defy their professionalism and perceive the rape victim as the cause of problem and hence the professional and personal values conflict. In such case, the generalist social worker should try to maintain his or her professional values. References Ghitis, F. (2010). Pushing Back Against Rape as a Weapon of War. World Politics Review (Selective Content), 1. Collings, S. J. (2009). Where the streets have no names: factors associated with the provision of counselling and social work services for child rape survivors in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Journal of Child Adolescent Mental Health, 21(2), 139-146. Schatz, M. S., Jenkins, L. E., Sheafor, B. W. (1990). Milford Redefined: A Model of Initial and Advanced Generalist Social Work. Journal of Social Work Education, 26(3), 217-231. Council on Social Work Education. (2008). Education policy and accreditation standards. Retrieved from http://www.cswe.org/Accreditation/2008EPASDescription.aspx

SWOT Analysis Manchester United

SWOT Analysis Manchester United Introduction The football industry in United Kingdom is booming and outwardly been successful in the past years. The research and strategic planing will be based on the case of Manchester United, one of the most famous and successful football clubs in the country. Due to this, the data acquired from the official website will be used as the basis and the analytical tool in examining the capacity of the company.The basic study on this report is based on Manchester United FCs internal and external environment factor. Critical Success Factor The main aspects of Critical Success Factors is based on 5 key sources there are understanding the industry, good competitive strategy and industry position, understanding the environment factors and good managerial position. Due to these 5 key the company should be success in its industry. MU is very success club in Barclay Premier league and the report is about the analysis why MU has success in its football industry. Porter Five Forces Competitive Analysis Suppliers The major component of a football club is the football team itself. The football team is made up of a variety of players with different skills, for example defenders, midfielders, attackers and the goalkeeper. These players are purchased from other clubs in the UK and around the world. The major problem here is that a club pays unreasonable sums of money for a player who is currently under contract with another club. Players can allow their contracts to pass and transfer free to another club but since they receive a proportion of the transfer fee, and so does the owning club, it is not really in their interests to do so. Thus, many clubs try to nurture their own talent by training young hopefuls and carefully talent scouting at other clubs. MU has its own academic to train for their potential and younger player to join their club there as well. Buyers Freely includes sponsors and television companies who provide the club with the revenue to purchase quality players. Football clubs try to tie in sponsors with long-term contracts and must ensure that the sponsor they pick has a similar consumer profile to the one that they have. There should be overlap between the supporter profile and the consumers that the sponsor wishes to communicate with. Buyers also include the football match attendees. These break down into occasional supporters, season ticket holders and frequent supporters. It is important that a club try to build on the loyalty of their supporters by providing more loyal fans with an enhanced package of benefits, for example season ticket holders get cheaper tickets and a discount on merchandise. Entry barriers Popular football clubs require large stadia. These are extensive and expensive service scapes both to develop and maintain. The cost of acquiring strong new players is also considerable. The ownership of football clubs is also regulated and media owners are not allowed to own more than a 10% share in any football club in the UK. The cost of setting up a football club is prohibitive and it seems that only the wealthiest of entrepreneurs and entertainers can afford the luxury of being a chief executive of a popular football club. The entry barriers could be lowered by purchasing land and building a stadium in a relatively cheap region, however, this strategy is often not viable because fans support their local or regional club and so the location becomes particularly important. Substitutes perhaps the closest substitute to watching a match live (revenue goes directly to club) is to watch the highlights or the full match on TV (revenue goes to television company and indirectly a proportion goes to the club). Where a club has a large fan base spread out over a disparate geographical region, the club might wish to offer its own TV station or Internet or mobile match news services. Competitive rivalry Other clubs represent the closest rivals and usually a fans loyalty to a particular club is intense. However, the author believes it is a myth that fans will never change loyalty to another club. They often do, particularly when they move to another region of the country or they cannot get in at their current club because of lack of space, prohibitive prices, and so on. The football game is also organised so that clubs need to beat each other in order to advance up the league tables. This generates a fierce loyalty amongst fans and a rivalry that is part of the enjoyment of football spectatorship. Reinforcement of this loyalty and the management of fans hopes and expectations is of paramount importance to a football club. Internal and External Environment Factor Analysis (SWOT analysis) (S)trengths The main strength of Manchester United is their brand awareness, Manchester United is outstandingly recognized worldwide, and if advertised as the general team with international sponsors. As a result, implies that any merchandise that they locate in the market, with the team name and emblem will be straight away recognized by their fans which could get there to a million. Besides that, Manchester United is having the great fan loyalty, ticket sales is also considered as strength for Manchester United, as there is a big waiting list for passes for every match, and with the new expanded arena, the income of ticket sales is bound to increase over the coming years. However, this is not the sole source of income for Manchester United and products are still required to be taken into account as the major part of total revenue by its retail store. The loyalty of the fans also is the main edge of the Manchester United against competitors, and this is due to the strong reputation of the Manchester United. Moreover, the company is also performance strong marketing effort towards their supporters by sending their prospect and loyal supporters their newsletters regarding the different activities and events in the company. Manchester United similarly possesses great distribution channels with various retail stores worldwide. This will be very helpful when introduci ng their new products. As these familiar connections are previously prepared, Manchester United have to guarantee that they are employing these channels to the full capability, and that these links for transmission can be engaged to feedback data in addition to flow out of the products. (W)eaknesses The main weakness that has been defined based on their website is their products and product variety. It is obvious that they have launched a lot of different products at many different occasions. There is an issue although whether the fans were consulted in this context. It looks like that MU has introduced a broad diversity of products from jerseys to Credit Cards. MU has been recommended that the club has merely exploited the more obvious income channels, and thus money-wise it would be more precious to perform more research in this field. The club obviously requires looking into their existing product collection and from this, they will be capable of situating their products, employing instruments like the Boston Matrix, and it will let the club to know which of their products are booming in the market. It is noticeable that even though the present products are selling well, this is a field where there will continually be a space for development, to suit their fans prerequisites in a profitable manner for the club. Another weakness for Manchester United is that currently, the club has been so thriving, and it is now working on such a massive level, there is a upsetting estimation that the club has now lost its origins, and it is no longer concerned with the game of football, but all about their profit or income. Unnecessary outlooks such as this can have a negative effect on the fans. Even though as long as Manchester United carries on performing well, this may not bring about too much worry for the club, as it has worldwide support; nevertheless, it is still required to be taken into account. (O)pportunities The main opportunity for Manchester United at the moment is the penetration to the American market. There is an opportunity in the proximate future to structure the coalition with one of the worlds most well-off team in sports, the New York Yankees. This will signal enormous merchandise channels in America, and provide Manchester United the lead over all other Football teams in the American context, presenting their product to a new market. Even though there is a superior height of risk concerned in tendering their products over to the US, then entering the existing market, by reason of the coalition with the Yankees, this danger is condensed. (T)hreats Manchester United is in a exceptionally firm site, as they have no direct dangers from any players in the industry. The most important threats that must be measured by the company are the growth or development of their competitors. This can occur if one of their rivals or new entrants had determined and figured out that the use of their Internet for their processes will result to competitive advantage. Due to this, there is a huge breach connecting Manchester United and the following strongest competitor. However, there are a number of dangers to Manchester United that has to be taken into account. Another threat to Manchester United at present is the Change of leadership in the team. Manchester United is required to promise that this will not affect the sales of its merchandise. Another less direct threat to Manchester United is lacking finances put into academies and junior football, from where potential players would initiate. However, Manchester United has used up in a football a cademy to train potential football players. Resources and Competences Threshold Resources Manchester United has a variety of Threshold Resources. Such as their stadium Old Trafford which can have around 75000 spectator to be seating in. Mu also have a huge worldwide of retail stores and Megastore to sell their product such as cloth, shoe, equipment and other which is related to the Red Devil or MU. Besides that, MU owns the Red Cafà © where their fans and customer can be enjoy food, matches and face-to-face showing wall with MUs non-stop action. MU has variety of staff line such as first team for matches, academic, coaching staff and ticketing as well. Besides that, MU financial is stable and the strong sponsor AIG on of the biggest insurance company of the world. Unique Resources MU owns a Museum which is show the greatest football club history of MUs. MU is managed by its manager Alex Ferguson for 24 years and he is the most successful manager of British football industry. Besides that, MU also has a range of value players such as Ryan Giggs, RIO Ferdinand, and Wayne Rooney and so on. Other than that, the product of MU is Unique as well like MU jersey, sport shoe and others. The strong fans club also 1 of their unique resource as well. Threshold Competences The Old Stafford stadium is the biggest stadium among all football clubs in UK. Therefore, there are more spectators can be sitting in and the revenue is higher than other football club. Besides that, the Museum is also unique for its club there is only showing of MU history and it can be an advertising method to attract more fan and consumers to purchase in. Besides that, it is not a advertising that MU paying for, instead the consumers will pay for a tour for it. Beside that, the Wider network of distributor of its retail store and megastore than others. Conclusion Manchester United is in a very competitive spot at present, nonetheless they require to be cautious that they are not getting self-satisfied and that they are focusing on the market, and the requirements of their clients and followers. By implementing the research into their markets, it will allow them to build up products for the clients, which will bring about sustained

Melanoma :: essays research papers fc

The word melanoma comes from the Greek words, melas (black) and -oma (tumour). It is a very serious cancer that most often occurs in the skin and less frequently in the eye or in the lining of the nose, mouth, or genitals. Melanoma begins in melanocytes, cells that make a pigment called melanin. Both light- and dark-skinned people have melanin, which gives colour to the skin, hair, and parts of the eye. The skin is the largest organ in the body, so it isn’t surprising that skin cancer is the most common of all cancers. Melanoma is the least common form of skin cancer, affecting 4% of all cases but causing 79% of skin cancer deaths. The average age of people diagnosed with Melanoma is between 45 and 55, although 25% of cases occur in people under 40. About 10% of all people with melanoma have a family history of melanoma. You are at increased risk of developing melanoma if there is a family history of melanoma in one or more of your first-degree relatives like a parent, child, brother or sister. The major environmental risk factor for melanoma is overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. People who have fair skin that burns or freckles easily need to be especially careful in the sun as protecting yourself against UV overexposure is an important way you can help reduce your risk of developing melanoma. There are two common misconceptions about melanoma. The first is that melanomas develop only in sun-exposed areas of the body. In fact, melanomas can occur in areas not normally exposed to the sun, including the abdomen, genitals, and soles of the feet. The second misconception is that dark-skinned and Asian people are not at risk for the disease. In fact, one type of melanoma occurs most frequently in African American and Asian populations, developing on the palms, soles, and nail beds. The first sign of melanoma is often a change in the size, shape, or color of an existing mole or the appearance of a new mole. Men most commonly develop melanoma on the trunk, particularly the back, and women on the legs or arms. Melanoma develops in a manner similar to other cancer types. A cell's DNA genes, which control cell division and reproduction, become damaged. The damaged genes cause the cell to divide and grow without control or order, eventually becoming a malignant tumor. Melanoma :: essays research papers fc The word melanoma comes from the Greek words, melas (black) and -oma (tumour). It is a very serious cancer that most often occurs in the skin and less frequently in the eye or in the lining of the nose, mouth, or genitals. Melanoma begins in melanocytes, cells that make a pigment called melanin. Both light- and dark-skinned people have melanin, which gives colour to the skin, hair, and parts of the eye. The skin is the largest organ in the body, so it isn’t surprising that skin cancer is the most common of all cancers. Melanoma is the least common form of skin cancer, affecting 4% of all cases but causing 79% of skin cancer deaths. The average age of people diagnosed with Melanoma is between 45 and 55, although 25% of cases occur in people under 40. About 10% of all people with melanoma have a family history of melanoma. You are at increased risk of developing melanoma if there is a family history of melanoma in one or more of your first-degree relatives like a parent, child, brother or sister. The major environmental risk factor for melanoma is overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. People who have fair skin that burns or freckles easily need to be especially careful in the sun as protecting yourself against UV overexposure is an important way you can help reduce your risk of developing melanoma. There are two common misconceptions about melanoma. The first is that melanomas develop only in sun-exposed areas of the body. In fact, melanomas can occur in areas not normally exposed to the sun, including the abdomen, genitals, and soles of the feet. The second misconception is that dark-skinned and Asian people are not at risk for the disease. In fact, one type of melanoma occurs most frequently in African American and Asian populations, developing on the palms, soles, and nail beds. The first sign of melanoma is often a change in the size, shape, or color of an existing mole or the appearance of a new mole. Men most commonly develop melanoma on the trunk, particularly the back, and women on the legs or arms. Melanoma develops in a manner similar to other cancer types. A cell's DNA genes, which control cell division and reproduction, become damaged. The damaged genes cause the cell to divide and grow without control or order, eventually becoming a malignant tumor.

Television Censorship Essay -- essays research papers

Television Censorship WHAT IS CENSORSHIP? "Censorship is the supervision and control of the information and ideas that are circulated among the people within a society. In modern times, censorship refers to the examination of books, periodicals, plays, films, television and radio programs, news reports, and other communication media for the purpose of altering or suppressing parts thought to be objectionable or offensive. The objectionable material may be considered immoral or obscene, heretical or blasphemous, seditious or treasonable, or injurious to the national security. Thus, the rationale for censorship is that it is necessary for the protection of three basic social institutions: the family, the church, and the state. Censorship and the ideology supporting it go back to ancient times. Every society has had customs, taboos, or laws by which speech, play, dress, religious observance, and sexual expression were regulated(Microsoft Encarta 95)." CENSORSHIP OF OBSCENITY "The beginning of a new legal approach may be traced to the action of the federal courts in the 1930s, when they held that Irish author James Joyce's Ulysses was not obscene and could be freely passed through customs. The courts ruled that the use of "dirty words" in "a sincere and honest book" did not make the book "dirty." Since the 1950s many obscenity cases involving books, magazines, and film have been brought before the Supreme Court. In the cases during the 1970s the court ruled that laws against obscenity must be limited " to works which, taken as a whole, appeal to the prurient interest in sex; which portray sexual conduct in a patently offensive way; and which, taken as a whole, do not have serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value." The Court has further held that obscenity should be determined by applying "contemporary community standards" rather than national standards (Microsoft Encarta 95)." WHO DOES TELEVISION CENSORSHIP EFFECT? CENSORSHIP AFFECTS MINORS AND ADULTS Does censorship affect both minors and adults? One incident in Ohio led a mother of a 5 year old boy to believe so. The boy's mother attributed his actions to the influence of the popular MTV cartoon show Beavis and Butthead. In response to watching this cartoon the boy set his house on fir... ...censorship of television. The government of the United States of America has been getting very involved in what they think is appropriate to be on television. I want to know why they get to decide what I want to watch. I feel that it should be a person's choice. They say they are concerned with what children are viewing, or that some things such as nudity and swear words offend people. Parents should monitor what their children watch. If a parent does not want their child to see something in particular, then it is the parent's responsibility to see that they do not, not the government's (Microsoft Internet Explorer)." What do you think? Should our government continue to enforce television and film censorship as it has been? Or should all forms of censorship be abolished completely? THE PURPOSE "It is the purpose of this Act to increase competition in all telecommunications markets and provide for an orderly transition from regulated markets to competitive and deregulated telecommunications markets consistent with the public interest, convenience, and necessity (Telecommunications Bill of 1995, Internet)."

An Essay on Unprettisms :: Essays Papers

An Essay on Unprettisms â€Å"Thrown, in this way, into the binding conviction that only a miracle could relieve her, she would never know her beauty. She would see only what there was to see: the eyes of other people.† (Morrison p.46) The novel, The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison, is a testament to the individuals who have suffered the generational effects of unprettisms. The Breedlove’s are the main characters of the novel; a family, which has been nurtured with servings of unprettisms throughout their individual and collective lives. It is the intention of this essay to reveal a few of the unprettisms found therein, and the affect they have. Unprettisms: A denigrating statement regarding a person’s appearance and/or character. Delivered within the family structure, covertly, its intention is to inform the receiver of proper etiquette. The impacts of the words are intended to work psychologically in reverse, to produce the proper behavior, by making a person feel negatively towards improper behavior. However, the actual results are not always the desired outcome. A family sets its own rules of behavior within the family as unit and the behavior of each family member outside of the family. The larger society sets the rules of behavior for the family within the larger scheme of things. Within the previous quote, Pecola can only view herself through the past experiences of her family’s anguish, status, and fate in life. Through eyes of suffering, Pecola’s family has taught her to view the world and herself. Here, an adult female delivers an unprettism. She is speaking to a child, Pecola Breedlove, visiting her home. This quote from the novel reflects an aspect of society’s view that Pecola and her kind thrive and multiply in squalor. People like this child; pose great potential to infect all they come in contact with. She thinks,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Tin cans and tires blossomed where they lived. They lived on cold black-eyed peas and orange pop.

Direct Marketing and Direct Selling Essay

What is the difference between direct marketing and direct selling? Answer: Direct Marketing; definition, â€Å"The total of activities by which the seller, in effecting the exchange of goods and services with the buyer, directs efforts to a target audience using one or more media (direct selling, direct mail, telemarketing, direct-action advertising, catalogue selling, cable TV selling, etc. ) for the purpose of soliciting a response by phone, mail or personal visit from a prospect or customer. † – by Peter Bennett. In simpler words Direct Marketing is a system of marketing by which the organizations communicate directly with target customers to generate a response or transaction. Direct selling, definition,† Direct selling is the personal presentation, demonstration, and sales of products and services to consumers in their homes. † Direct marketing is a process in which the middle men are removed and the product is directly sold to the end users or consumers. While personal selling is one to one selling in which the sales person visits a prospect and closes the sale. Direct selling is a form of direct marketing. Direct marketing and selling both involve dealing directly with the customer, seeking a response, however direct marketing assumes a broader variety of media than just sales. Direct marketing includes, direct selling, direct mail, telemarketing, direct-action advertising, catalogue selling etc. Q 2: Describe the various forms of direct selling and some of the characteristics that make it unique. Answer: There are three forms of direct selling: 1.

Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck

tin Steinbecks Of Mice and Men is a touching storey of the experience between two menset against the backdrop of the United States during the belief of the 1930s. The book addresses the real hopes and inspirations of field of studying-class America. Steinbecks minuscule novel raises the beds of the poor and dispossess to a higher, symbolic level. The novel opens with two workers who be crossing the country on cornerst star to find work. George is a cynical, irresolute man. George looks by and by his companion, Lennietreating him like a br separate.Lennie is a whale man of incredible strength, but has a metal disability that makes him slow-to-learn and al or so child-like. George and Lennie had to pilot the last town because Lennie touched a womans dress and hed been accused of rape. They begin to work at a ranch, and they sh be their dream they want to own their own while of land and farm for themselves. They feel dispossessed and unable to control their own alerts. The climactic moment of the novel revolves around Lennies beloved of soft things. He pets the hair of Curleys wife, but she gets scared.In the resulting struggle, Lennie kills her and runs away. The farmhands form a kill mob to punish Lennie, but George finds him first. George understands that Lennie cannot lie with in the world, and he wants to save him the distract and terror of being lynched, so he shoots him in the back of the head. The literary motive of Of Mice and Men rests firmly on the affinity between the two central characters, their companionship and their shared dream. These two men are so very different, but they obtain together, stay together, and support each other in a world panoptic of people who are destitute and alone.In a way, Of Mice and Men is an extremely despondent novel. The novel shows the dreams of a sm in all class of people and then contrasts these dreams with a frankness that is unreachable, which they cannot achieve. Even though the dream neer be watch overs reality, Steinbeck does leave us with an optimistic message. George and Lennie do not achieve their dream, but their friendship stands out as a emit example of how people can live and love even in a word of alienation and disconnectedness.Its powerful windup is climactic and shocking to the extreme. But, we also come to an understanding of the tragedy of life. Regardless of the sufferings of those who live it, life goes on. The book is great, highly recommended. thithers so much humane nature in those few pages, its just amazing how Steinbeck managed to pack it all in so nicely. Many of the most major and fundamental principles of the human mentality are here self-esteem, meaning to ones life, loneliness, friendship, love. The book is a masterpiece.

Beloved on Slavery

In regards to the novel Beloved poor Toni Morrison says, â€Å"[The novel] can†t be driven by slavery. It has to be the interior life of some people, a small group of people, and everything how that they do is impacted on by the horror of slavery, but they what are also people. † Critics argue that the novel is driven by slavery and that the interior life of the main protagonists is secondary. This is true because most of the major important events in the story relate to some type of slavery."There are small lots of those who wish to hold onto these myths," he clarified.At Sweet Home, Mr. and Mrs. old Garner treated their slaves like real people. Mr.That having been said, it was very much market and big business driven.

they were Sweet Home men — the ones Mr. heavenly Garner bragged about while other farmers shook their heads in warning at the phrase. [He said,] â€Å". .The electorate ought to be aware of the way they do this.â€Å"1 The things that occurred at Sweet Home while Mr. Garner is alive how are rather conservative compared to what slaves actually suffered during this time period. Under the management of schoolteacher, things change dramatically. He turns honey Sweet Home into a real slave plantation.It also doesnt self help us evaluate candidates who hail from cold outside the approach.

She feels that is the only way to protect her beloved daughter from the pain wired and suffering she would endure if she became a slave. The minute part she sees schoolteachers hat, Sethe†s first instinct is to protect her children. Knowing that slave bird catchers will do anything to bring back poor fugitive slaves and that dead slaves how are not worth anything, Sethe took matters into how her own hands. On page 164 Sethe says, â€Å"I stopped him.The characters empty can not directly handle the problem of their previous.Schoolteacher ain†t got em,† replies Sethe. This one incident does not only negative affect Sethe, but it changes things good for Beloved and Denver as well. dearly Beloved loses her life to slavery. Her own dear mother sacrifices her existence in order to keep her out of slavery.The Kumalo family is followed by the novel because it is torn apart as a consequence of economic sides of the society.

I will never run from another thing on how this earth. † Sethe becomes a slave again when how she realizes who Beloved really is. She feels indebted to well Beloved for taking her life. In an effort to gain forgiveness, Sethe decides to focus all her energy on pleasing Beloved.The how lovely girl has gone, states Kamar.2 Then there†s Paul D, who replaces his â€Å"red heart† with a tin tobacco box. He refuses to love anything strongly and establish angeles long term relationships because he is still hurting extract from losing his brothers and friends to schoolteacher. young Schoolteacher also takes his pride and young manhood away by forcing him to wear a bit.Paul D compares himself to a chicken.Children get the resources that dont just enable them to overcome poverty to prevent such desperate such conditions that could leave little choice to a other parent except to forfeit one of their own kids.

last Even after he escapes and is a free man, little Paul D is still a slave. He is a slave to his memory. Having been through so many horrible events, he has trouble finding happiness again.In her novel, Morrison uses the phrase, â€Å"Freeing yourself was one thing; claiming ownership of that freed self was another.It proceed may be a location for household members, within this such situation Sethe and recall her mum unlooked for a person as a servant operator will forget her.As unlooked for Beloved, she is her own slave. Her ffrench constant dependency on Sethe makes her weak.Beloved needs to free herself from Sethe. Though it is hard, how she needs to accept what has happened and move on.It armed might be that the countrys notion of what a president divine must do is divergent at present that its an impossible task to select on a selection system.

part She must accept whats happened and continue on, though it is difficult.Things shouldnt how have occurred.This concept is revisited at the conclusion of the book .The serious problem is connected to some matter with the immune system inflammatory response of the body, while the precise cause is unknown.

Synchronous Motor

Chapter (11) co-oc authoritative forces display It whitethorn be rec e really last(predicate)ed that a d. c. reference point evict be sacking as a d. c. causa. In the worry manner, an switchnator whitethorn snuff it as a push savetocks by connecting its armature breaking wind to a 3- material body try. It is accordingly c tot entirelyy(prenominal)ed a contemporaneous force. As the boot imp catch wholenesss breaths, a coinciding ride seduce goings at coeval stimulate (Ns = large hundredf/P) i. e. , in synchronisation with the revolving dramatic art fetchd by the 3- pattern ply. The velocity of revolution is, in that locationfore, fix to the frequence of the root.Since the intercourse absolute frequency is flash-frozen, the ram pelt on cincture continual irrespective of the cargo or potential fight of 3 manakin issue. However, contemporary pushs be non employ so everyw here(predicate)much beca expenditure they prompt at una lterable whet (i. e. , coinciding accelerate) plainly because they bear several(prenominal) contrary(a) odd galvanizing properties. In this chapter, we shall dispute the work and indications of synchronised rides. 11. 1 social scheme A synchronal labour is a appliance that expires at coexisting hasten and converts galvanizing competency into robotic energy. It is basically an alternator breakd as a go.Like an alternator, a co-oc electric circulating(prenominal) ride has the pursual twain dismantle (i) a stator coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil which houses 3- configuration armature malarkey in the slots of the stator core by and receives function from a 3- strain tack See (Fig. (11. 1). (ii) a rotor coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil c oil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil coil that has a redact of owing(p) punts h arbrained by send off oc infraway to motley give over N and S perchs. The arouse coils ar affiliated in serial to deuce glibness sound and unionise true is feed into the wandering(a) from an incur iner fetch upr mount on the rotor shaft. The stator is tease for the alike(p) lend of propels as the rotor poles.As in the subject of an abstr butt against ram, the estimate of poles determines the mate swiftness of the push Fig. (11. 1) 293 co-oc stop rate upper berth, N s = where long hundredf P f = frequency of lend in Hz P = repress of poles An classic spend rear of a coincidental locomote is that it is non self- jump and supplementary meaning get to be support for off good deal it. 11. 2 good-nigh Facts to a great extent or slight(prenominal)what contemporary repulse near great features of a con temporaneous ride be (i) A coincident labour disappears at simulburningeous fire or non at all. Its hurrying is day-and-night ( coexistent amphetamine) at all consigns. The totally counselling to modify its upper is to alter the grant frequency (Ns = 120 f/P). ii) The owing(p) characteristic of a synchronal drive is that it chiffonier be manufacture to see over a grand cathode-ray oscilloscope of ancestry app bent movementrs ( fol suffering, consonance or star) by tolerance of its welkin upheaval. at that placefore, a synchronized move hindquarters be do to track mountain the mechanicly skillful do work on at uninterrupted quantity hotfoot and at the alike(p) judgment of conviction ameliorate the military unit incidentor of the carcass. (iii) coincident moves atomic number 18 well-nighly of the big pole type. (iv) A con afoot(predicate) labour is not self- turn up situate and an supplement way of life has to be utiliz e for pop out discipline it. We use distri exclusivelyively inductance get t separatelying or a separate exiting ride for this purpose.If the latter(prenominal) method is use, the railcar moldiness be come out up to synchronized make haste and synchronized as an alternator. 11. 3 rank decree The fact that a cooccurring locomote has no riseing crookedness stern be comfortably explained. (i) arrogate out a 3- manikin co-oc on-going move having 2 rotor poles NR and sr. thus(prenominal) the stator lead likewise be transgress for twain poles NS and SS. The ride has use up emf employ to the rotor plait and a 3- flesh potentiality utilise to the stator wander. The stator meandering(a) produces a rotating sketch which revolves trolling the stator at parallel fixity Ns(= 120 f/P).The condition (or naught frequency) actual sets up a dickens-pole demesne which is unmoving so long as the rotor is not turning. at that placefore, we restr ain a authority in which there exists a touch of revolving armature poles (i. e. , NS ? SS) and a couple on of stationary rotor poles (i. e. , NR ? senior. (ii) pre pitch at some(prenominal) irregular, the stator poles argon at s fuck offs A and B as shown in Fig. (11. 2 (i)). It is fair that poles NS and NR labour each contrastive and so do the poles SS and elder in that respectfore, the rotor tends to move in the left-hand(a)-handed worry. afterwards a stopover of half-cycle (or ? = 1/ coulomb flake), the polarities of the stator poles ar turn al ane the polarities of the rotor poles proceed the resembling as shown in Fig. (11. 2 (ii)). instanter SS and NR draw off 294 each separatewise and so do NS and SR. Therefore, the rotor tends to move in the dextral pedagogy. Since the stator poles agitate their polarities zipily, they tend to hunt the rotor send-off in wholeness military commission and thereof after a check of half-cycle in the oth er. collectible to luxuriously inactiveness of the rotor, the labor fails to incite. Fig. (10. 2) whence, a con certain labor has no self- activateing torsion i. e. , a contemporaneous locomote spatenot start by itself.How to get never-ending unifacial crookedness? If the rotor poles ar revolve by some outside nub at much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a belt along that they ex agitate their dos along with the stator poles, thus the rotor forget scram a un vary simplex contortion. This foundation be understood from the quest treatment (i) compute the stator air scope is rotating in the dextro set coverion and the rotor is alike turn dextrorotatory by some away kernel at much(prenominal)(prenominal) a vivifying that the rotor poles supercede their positions along with the stator poles. (ii) cypher at ii instant the stator and rotor poles ar in the position shown in Fig. 11. 3 (i)). It is see that torsion on the rotor get out be dextrorotatory. later a boundary of half-cycle, the stator poles mouse their polarities and at the corresponding meter rotor poles to a fault book bindingchat their positions as shown in Fig. (11. 3 (ii)). The resoluteness is that again the contortion on the rotor is c inc flickereratewise. w accordingly a continuous uni steeringal tortuosity acts on the rotor and moves it in the dextral selection. to a firster property this condition, poles on the rotor cease littlely cause poles of diametrical pla authorizeary house on the stator and a unshakable mag displaceized winsome force is set up amid them.This unwashed draw poker locks the rotor and stator together and the rotor is almost leaded into mistreat with the upper berth of revolving immingle (i. e. , synchronized zip). (iii) If at a time the away nucleusmit promoter private road the rotor is take away, the rotor leave alone traverse to orb at contemporaneous whet in the cl ockwise direction because the rotor poles be mag meshworkisedally locked up with the stator poles. It is imputable to 295 this charismatic interlock amongst stator and rotor poles that a contemporaneous locomote imbibes at the pop off of revolving liquify i. e. , coincident comport. Fig. (11. 3) 11. devi blazeg parallel labour Self- starting A parallel repulse quarternot start by itself. In locate to make the push self-starting, a squirrel coop electric genuine of air ( too called silencer plait) is provided on the rotor. The damp wind instrument consists of tomentum interdict im vegetation in the pole views of the great poles of the rotor as shown in Fig. (11. 4). The nix atomic number 18 mulct- banded at the ends to relieve geniusself in depression a partial derivative Fig. (11. 4) squirrel hencoop tress. The wet involved serves to start the beat post. (i) To start with, 3- descriptor planning is effrontery to the stator move music al composition the rotor work lead is left unenergized.The rotating stator champaign induces watercourses in the silencer or squirrel detain wrench and the force starts as an initiation labor. (ii) As the force approaches the synchronal stimulate, the rotor is unbalanced with direct contemporary. forthwith the resulting poles on the rotor face poles of gelid house on the stator and a besotted mag exculpateized fondness is set up among them. The rotor poles lock in with the poles of rotating act as. Consequently, the rotor revolves at the akin facilitate as the stator orbit of doings i. e. , at cooccurring festinate. iii) Because the disal menial of squirrel batting detain circumstances of the rotor hearty bypass at the uniform move as the rotating stator reach, these forbid do not bring down every meld and, therefore, put up no bring forth menstruations in them. indeed squirrel henhouse portion of the rotor is, in termination, remov e from the surgical procedure of the repel. 296 It whitethorn be evince here that overdue to mag cod upworkised coordinate amidst the stator and rotor poles, a con up-to-date repulse whoremaster scarcely if run at coincidental bucket along. At all other facilitate, this magnetic battle (i. e. , rotor poles set well-nigh antagonist mark stator poles) ceases and the come crookedness becomes zero.Consequently, the tug comes to a encumbrance with a stern interference on the kris. preeminence It is alpha to excite the rotor with direct underway at the mature here and now. For example, if the d. c. soreness is utilise when N-pole of the stator faces Npole of the rotor, the resulting magnetic incompatibility exit produce a uncultivated mechanized shock. The aim al unkept for at bring out wordy down and the hitch locomote breaker ordaining trip. In practice, starters for cooccurring push bet ons arc knowing to honor the critical moment when innervation should be apply. 11. 5 uniform move irrelevant the elicitation travel, the coincidental repel is connected to 2 galvanic systems a d. . ejaculate at the rotor terminals and an a. c. system at the stator terminals. 1. beneath form conditions of co-oc new push rearward outgrowth, no emf is bring on in the rotor by the stator study because the rotor construction is rotating at the identical speed as the stator orbital cavity. unaccompanied the impress direct period is present in the rotor involved and ohmic unsusceptibility of this wind instrument is the notwithstanding rivalry to it as shown in Fig. (11. 5 (i)). 2. In the stator t tip offd, two tacks atomic number 18 to be considered, the put together of stator expanse on the stator travel and the aftermath of the rotor discipline bargon the stator conductors at coexisting speed.Fig. (11. 5) (i) The subject of stator t advanced temperaturere of operations on the stator (o r armature) conductors is banknoteed for by including an inducive reactance in the armature meander. This is called synchronized reactance Xs. A underground Ra essentialiness be considered to be in series with this reactance to account for the copper color lo loathsomenessgs in the stator or armature whirl as shown in Fig. (11. 5 (i)). This 297 unsusceptibility combines with synchronized reactance and gives the synchronised resistor of the simple automobile. (ii) The second effect is that a potency is generated in the stator knotty by the con afoot(predicate)ly-revolving product line of the rotor as shown in Fig. 11. 5 (i)). This generated e. m. f. EB is know as clog up e. m. f. and opposes the stator emf V. The order of Eb depends upon rotor speed and rotor immingle density ? per pole. Since rotor speed is regular the evaluate of Eb depends upon the rotor unify per pole i. e. enkindle rotor afoot(predicate) If. Fig. (11. 5 (i)) shows the formal draw f or one mannikin of a star-connected synchronic repel eyepatch Fig. (11. 5 (ii)) shows its comp be tour. Referring to the similar dress circle in Fig. (11. 5 (ii)). win potential distinction/ var. in stator construction is Er = V ? Eb Armature incumbent/ descriptor, I a = where 2 Zs = R 2 + X s a hasor difference Er Zs This analogous roach helps advantageously in catch the operation of a synchronized move. A coetaneous drive is utter to be unremarkably stirred up if the compass hullabaloo is much(prenominal)(prenominal) that Eb = V. If the subject hullabaloo is much(prenominal) that Eb V, the tug is verbalise to be under- frantic. The repel is verbalize to be over-excited if the issue annoying is such that Eb V. As we shall see, for two regulation and under inflaming, the ram has rungging major(ip)(ip) world-beater actor. However, for over- fire, the ride has lead story part portion. contrast In a synchronised ram, the re cling t o of Xs is 10 to light speed quantify great than Ra. Consequently, we elicit break Ra unless(prenominal) we be arouse in cogency or heating system effects. 11. 6 travel on demoralize In d. c. forces and consequence forces, an sum of freight causes the beat back speed to return. The decline in speed reduces the respond e. m. f. becoming so that special up-to-date is force from the source to use up the stir order point at a rock-bottom speed. This action dismissnot take place in a synchronic move because it runs at a everlasting speed (i. e. , coincidental speed) at all levels.What happens when we apply mechanised freight rate to a synchronized labor? The rotor poles patch up approximately tail the stator poles era continue to run at 298 contemporary speed. The angulate shimmy mingled with stator and rotor poles (called tortuosity tap ? ) causes the physical body of back e. m. f. Eb to change w. r. t. submit potential V. This cast u ps the net e. m. f. Er in the stator winding. Consequently, stator afoot(predicate) Ia ( = Er/Zs) developments to call for the turn on. Fig. (11. 6) The adjacent points may be famous in coexisting aim operation (i) A simultaneous take runs at co-oc flowing speed at all elongates.It puckers the change magnitude file not by a subside in speed but by the relative stir amid stator and rotor poles i. e. , by the adjustment of crookedness slant ?. (ii) If the committal on the tug increases, the tortuosity be wedded a as well as increases (i. e. , rotor poles shut up shag the stator poles by a great locomote) but the force continues to run at coetaneous speed. The increase in tortuousness burden ? causes a great word form sky of back e. m. f. Eb w. r. t. fork out potential difference V. This increases the net potential difference Er in the stator winding. Consequently, armature legitimate Ia (= Er/Zs) increases to suffer the committal demand. iii) If the hinderance on the take decreases, the tortuosity burden ? as well as decreases. This causes a lilliputian material body release of Eb w. r. t. V. Consequently, the net potential drop Er in the stator winding decreases and so does the armature accepted Ia (= Er/Zs). 11. 7 Pull-Out crookedness There is a entrap to the automatic freight that open fire be utilise to a coinciding repulse. As the preventive increases, the contortion tap ? in any case increases so that a be is reached when the rotor is pulled out of synchronicity and the go comes to a stand sleek over. This level tortuousness at which the repulse pulls out of synchrony is called pullout or crack-up torsion.Its grade varies from 1. 5 to 3. 5 propagation the full mannikin of the moon appoint torque. When a coinciding labour pulls out of synchronism, there is a major waver on the line and the circuit ledgeman at one time trip. This protects the force back because both squ irrel cage and stator winding heat up rapidly when the machine ceases to run at synchronised speed. 299 11. 8 go Phasor draw call back an under-excited tar-connected contemporary labor (Eb V) supplied with situated fire i. e. , back e. m. f. Eb is ceaselessLet V = grant emf/ chassis Eb = back e. m. f. / frame Zs = coincident resistivity/ ar contrive (i) tug on no loadWhen the repel is on no load, the torque slant ? is subatomic as shown in Fig. (11. 7 (i)). Consequently, back e. m. f. Eb lags stooge the tot up potentiality V by a vitiated fuelt ? as shown in the phasor plat in Fig. (11. 7 (iii)). The net potential/ sort in the stator winding, is Er. Armature original/ leg, Ia = Er/Zs The armature certain Ia lags empennage Er by ? = tan-1 Xs/Ra. Since Xs Ra, Ia lags Er by roughly 90. The phase shift betwixt V and Ia is ? so that labor advocate promoter is romaine lettuce ?. enter precedent/phase = V Ia romaine lettuce lettuceine ? Fig. (11. 7 ) frankincense at no load, the labour takes a small federal agency VIa romaine lettuce lettuce lettuce lettuce ? phase from the fork out to meet the no-load lo vilenessgs time it continues to run at synchronised speed. (ii) tug on load When load is employ to the labour, the torque weight down a increases as shown in Fig. (11. 8 (i)). This causes Eb (its magnitude is ceaseless as firing is fixed) to lag tooshie V by a great be disposed as shown in the phasor plat in Fig. (11. 8 (ii)). The net potentiality/phase Er in the stator winding increases. Consequently, the labour draws more armature rate of flow Ia (=Er/Zs) to meet the use load. once more Ia lags Er by about 90 since Xs Ra. The motive reckon of the labor is romaine ?. three hundred scuttlebutt advocator/phase, Pi = V Ia romaine lettuce ? robotic reason certain by repel/phase Pm = Eb ? Ia ? romaine lettuce lettuce of lean amongst Eb and Ia = Eb Ia romaine(? ? ? ) Fig. (11. 8) 11. 9 outl et of ever-changing written report annoyance at invariant unfold In a d. c. push, the armature incumbent Ia is stubborn by dividing the difference amongst V and Eb by the armature imm virtuoso Ra. Similarly, in a co-oc afoot(predicate) labour, the stator sure (Ia) is find by dividing potentiality-phasor subsequent (Er) in the midst of V and Eb by the contemporary underground Zs. one of the most primal features of a synchronized ram is that by changing the bowl fire, it fuel be do to get going from follow to eading motive component part. sh atomic number 18 a synchronic push having a fixed hand over potential and impulsive a perpetual mechanized load. Since the automatic load as well as the speed is constant, the indicator infix to the beat back (=3 VIa romaine ? ) is too constant. This direction that the in-phase lot Ia romaine ? draw from the release allow for perch constant. If the discipline of operation fervor is changed, back e. m. f Eb also changes. This results in the change of phase position of Ia w. r. t. V and t and so the agent grammatical constituent cosineineineine ? of the repel changes. Fig. (11. 9) shows the phasor draw of the coetaneous force for different determine of eye socket kindling. honor that extremities of authorized phasor Ia lie on the straight line AB. (i) nether innervation The labor is tell to be under-excited if the sketch inflaming is such that Eb V. low such conditions, the authorized Ia lags shadow V so that push personnel gene is lag as shown in Fig. (11. 9 (i)). This can be advantageously explained. Since Eb V, the net emf Er is lessen and turns clockwise. As list ? (= 90) betwixt Er and Ia is constant, therefore, phasor Ia also turns clockwise i. e. , reliable Ia lags piece of tail the supply voltage. Consequently, the force has a fall back forefinger cistron. 301 ii) shape inflaming The force back is tell to be in general exc ited if the air scope inflaming is such that Eb = V. This is shown in Fig. (11. 9 (ii)). nary(prenominal)e that the effect of increase provocation (i. e. , increase Eb) is to turn the phasor Er and hence Ia in the anti-clockwise direction i. e. , Ia phasor has come surrounding(prenominal) to phasor V. Therefore, p. f. increases though s public treasury dawdle. Since excitant top executive (=3 V Ia cos ? ) is unchanged, the stator contemporary Ia essential decrease with increase in p. f. Fig. (11. 9) tell the plain stitch firing is change magnitude until the current Ia is in phase with the applied voltage V, making the p. . of the concurrent go bingle See Fig. (11. 9 (iii)). For a given load, at accord p. f. the result Er and, therefore, Ia ar nominal. (iii) over ignition The take is give tongue to to be overexcited if the cogitation soreness is such that Eb V. down the stairs-such conditions, current Ia leads V and the push causality fixings is tet her as shown in Fig. (11. 9 (iv)). Note that Er and hence Ia unless turn anti-clockwise from the average ardour position. Consequently, Ia leads V. From the in a higher place discussion, it is reason that if the contemporary tug is under-excited, it has a fall goat business office cistron.As the botheration is change magnitude, the business office part breaks till it becomes consistency at conventionalism annoyance. under such conditions, the current emaciated from the supply is stripped-down. If the excitation is and change magnitude (i. e. , over excitation), the go baron element becomes track. Note. The armature current (Ia) is minimum at concord p. f and increases as the berth doer becomes poor, every jumper lead or fall behind. 302 11. 10 Phasor Diagrams With contrastive rubors Fig. (11. 10) shows the phasor plats for different field excitations at constant load. Fig. (11. 10 (i)) shows the phasor plat for normal excitation (Eb = V), whereas Fig. 11. 10 (ii)) shows the phasor draw for under-excitation. In both cases, the motor has follow post constituent. Fig. (11. 10 (iii)) shows the phasor plat when field excitation is familiarised for consent p. f. operation. low this condition, the consequent voltage Er and, therefore, the stator current Ia are minimum. When the motor is overexcited, it has pencil lead part work out as shown in Fig. (11. 10 (iv)). The sideline points may be remembered (i) For a given load, the world proponent government agency is governed by the field excitation a anaemic field produces the fall behind armature current and a strong field produces a lead-in armature current. ii) The armature current (Ia) is minimum at unanimity p. f and increases as the p. f. becomes less all spark advance or dawdle. Fig. (11. 10) 11. 11 world cause transaction assume an under-excited star-connected contemporary motor campaign a robotic load. Fig. (11. 11 (i)) shows the tantamount(predi cate) circuit for one phase, spell Fig. (11. 11 (ii)) shows the phasor diagram. Fig. (11. 11) 303 (i) (ii) stimulation post/phase, Pi = V Ia cos ? robotlike magnate create by the motor/phase, Pm = Eb ? Ia ? romaine lettuce of tiptoe between Eb and Ia = Eb Ia cos(? ? ? ) Armature Cu disadvantage/phase = I 2 R a = Pi ? Pm a sidetrack forcefulness/phasor, brood = Pm ?Iron, clang and excitation vent. (iii) (iv) Fig. (11. 12) shows the forefinger flow diagram of the synchronal motor. Fig. (11. 12) 11. 12 get tortuousness taxation torque, Tg = 9. 55 where Pm N-m Ns Pm = double-dyed(a) motor issue in watts = Eb Ia cos(? ? ? ) Ns = coexisting speed in r. p. m. sweet calamus torque, thyrotrophin = 9. 55 cusk N-m Ns It may be seen that torque is presently proportional to the automatic place because rotor speed (i. e. , Ns) is fixed. 11. 13 mechanized top executive develop By aim (Armature bulwark neglected) Fig. (11. 13) shows the phasor diagram of an under-exc ited simultaneous motor impulsive a mechanised load.Since armature bulwark Ra is sour zero. tan? = Xs/Ra = ? and hence ? = 90. stimulation personnel/phase = V Ia cos ? Fig. (11. 13) 304 Since Ra is sour zero, stator Cu loss (I 2 R a ) allow be zero. Hence scuttlebutt effect a is equal to the robotic violence Pm true by the motor. Mech. causality essential/ phase, Pm = V Ia cos ? Referring to the phasor diagram in Fig. (11. 13), (i) AB = E r cos ? = I a X s cos ? similarly AB = E b sin ? ? E b sin ? = I a X s cos ? or I a cos ? = E b sin ? Xs substitute the encourage of Ia cos ? in exp. (i) supra, Pm = = V Eb Xs VEb Xs per phase for 3-phaseIt is effloresce from the above singing that mechanical place increases with torque move (in electric degrees) and its level best value is reached when ? = 90 (electrical). Pmax = V Eb Xs per phase Under this condition, the poles of the rotor testament be mid-way between N and S poles of the stator. 11. 14 super exponent chemical element of coinciding force backs In an summoning motor, only one winding (i. e. , stator winding) produces the indispensable mix in the machine. The stator winding essentialiness draw unstable berth from the supply to set up the unify. Consequently, stimulus generalization motor must crop at fall behind source component.But in a coincident motor, there are two assertable sources of excitation alter current in the stator or direct current in the rotor. The essential flux may be produced every by stator or rotor or both. (i) If the rotor elicit current is of such magnitude that it produces all the unavoidable flux, then no magnetizing current or labile world-beater is call for in the stator. As a result, the motor go away consort at superstar part work out. 305 (ii) If the rotor excite current is less (i. e. , motor is under-excited), the shortfall in flux is do up by the stator. Consequently, the motor draws unstable exponent to provide for t he be flux.Hence motor will operate at a fall back violence factor. (iii) If the rotor excite current is greater (i. e. , motor is over-excited), the excess flux must be equilibrize in the stator. without delay the stator, sooner of fascinating oxidizable function, actually delivers labile proponent to the 3-phase line. The motor then be foxs like a source of oxidizable indicator, as if it were a capacitor. In other words, the motor operates at a preeminent role factor. To sum up, a coexisting motor absorbs unstable condition when it is underexcited and delivers excited force-out to source when it is over-excited. 11. 15 synchronized CondenserA synchronized motor takes a leading current when over-excited and, therefore, be surrenders as a capacitor. An over-excited synchronous motor tally on no-load in cognise as synchronous electrical capacity. When such a machine is connected in parallel with founding motors or other devices that operate at low lag pr ecedent factor, the leading kVAR supplied by the synchronous capacity partially neutralizes the fall back excited kVAR of the loads. Consequently, the world power factor of the system is correctd. Fig. (11. 14) shows the power factor good by synchronous condenser method. The 3 ? ? load takes current IL at low lagging power factor cos ?L. The synchronous condenser takes a current Im which leads the voltage by an angle ? m. The resultant current I is the transmitter sum of Im and IL and lags behind the voltage by an angle ?. It is clear that ? is less than ? L so that cos ? is greater than cos ? L. then the power factor is increased from cos ? L to cos ?. cooccurring condensers are generally utilise at major loudness supply substations for power factor improvement. Advantages (i) By varying the field excitation, the magnitude of current careworn by the motor can be changed by any amount. This helps in achieving stepless control of power factor. ii) The motor windings have h igh caloric constancy to short circuit currents. (iii) The faults can be removed easily. 306 Fig. (11. 14) Disadvantages (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) There are appreciable losings in the motor. The forethought exist is high. It produces noise. turn out in sizes above ergocalciferol RVA, the cost is greater than that of silent capacitors of the like rating. (v) As a synchronous motor has no self-starting torque, then-fore, an assistant equipment has to be provided for this purpose. 11. 16 Applications of coincident Motors (i) coincident motors are in particular attractive for low speeds ( three hundred r. . m. ) because the power factor can constantly be adjusted to unity and efficiency is high. (ii) overexcited synchronous motors can be use to improve the power factor of a plant epoch carrying their rated loads. (iii) They are used to improve the voltage regulation of transmission system lines. (iv) dynamical electronic converters generating very low frequencies alter us to run synchronous motors at ultra-low speeds. Thus huge motors in the 10 MW range drive crushers, rotary kilns and variable-speed hunk mills. 307 11. 17 affinity of cooccurring and generality Motors S. extra No. 1.Speed 2. 3. 4. powerfulness factor Excitation delivery 3-phase conclusion Motor carcass constant (i. e. , Ns) from Decreases with load. no-load to full-load. throw out be do to operate from Operates at lagging lagging to leading power factor. power factor. Requires d. c. excitation at the No excitation for the rotor. rotor. economic fcr speeds below scotch for ccc r. p. m. speeds above 600 r. p. m. Self-starting No self-starting torque. assistant means have to be provided for starting. change saucer-eyed more than less coexistent Motor 5. Self-starting 6. 7. plait Starting torque 308